Place commas, periods, exclamation points, and question marks inside punctuation marks. All other punctuation marks are placed outside the ation signs. Usage, Punctuation Junction: A series about what happens when punctuation marks collide. The hyphen - and the dash - and the slash. are three punctuation marks used to indicate a relationship between, Formatting Footnotes in APA. Footnotes use superscript numbers and must appear in consecutive order. Footnote numbers usually appear at the end of an a. In-text citations briefly identify the source of information in the body of the text. They correspond to a complete reference entry at the end of your article. In-text APA citations include the author's last name and year of publication. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number or range, e.g. Parker, 2020, p. In, the American Psychological Association, APA, introduced the th edition of the publication manual of the 'APA, which replaces the th edition. The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now abbreviated from the first citation. You only include the first author's name and "et al." ". For other scenarios, punctuate according to the grammar of the sentence, as if the ation marks were not there. This sometimes means that no punctuation is required before ation marks. Exactly: Koval et al. 2015 found that "people with high self-control may feel tired, bored, and perhaps even irritated by the fact that the APA recommends using a space after a period or other punctuation mark at the end of a sentence. However, follow the advice of your instructor or editor. see the manual of the th edition Use a period in the following cases: to end a sentence with initials in the names ex: Bazerman, MH